The processes is called "Hydrographics" ; or Immersion Printing.
The print to transfer is on Polyvinyl alchohol which is floated in the vat and an activator is sprayed over it which causes it to dissolve and activates as an adhesive... and then you submerge it down through the layer... remove it and then spray it with a 'top coat'. Its how they usually apply the 'faux wood' or 'faux carbon' finishes to wheels/dashes/center consoles; etc...
An example activator: http://hgarts.com/en/hydrographic-suppl … activators
You also want Clearcoats (the prints are very fragile; need this to protect them) : http://hgarts.com/es/hydrographic-supplies/clearcoats
Base paints: http://hgarts.com/en/hydrographic-suppl … ing-paints
And Primers: http://hgarts.com/en/hydrographic-supplies/primers
I'll let you chase up the MSDS sheets if you want more technical details than that on the products and 'secret sauce'
You could hydrographic print onto a 3D object sure - but not sure any part of this process has direct relevance to 3D printing itself any more than any other lump of object you want to print onto (phone cases, steering wheel, dash board, etc) ...
Local printers can probably do this for you - the immersion machines themselves can be had for about $5k off of Alibaba... search around for immersion printers/hydrographics services.... You can also by the films off of alibaba in the standard types of 'camo', 'carbon', 'metal', etc... So yeah, the process is pretty straight forward - once you have the submersion bath and the activator and clearcoat... and someway to get the films you want... About $8k inc delivery from Alibaba should see you up and running 
As far as texturing a 3d print goes - well - theres no reason you can't think oldskool - standard stucco paint and paint effects work, and model shops tend to sell craploads of texture/effect paints... most of which are designed for use on ABS...