The Solidoodle can go pretty fast as is, but the problem is that with the weight of the motor on the X carriage, there tends to be a lot of overshoot on sharp direction changes. This appears as rough edges on corners, and slight misalignment of layers. So it isn't that the Bowden makes higher speeds possible, it's that you can go faster without sacrificing quality.
The limit on speed is more about the extruder at this point than the XY movement. It has to be able to push the filament through that much faster to keep up with the XY speeds. That means melting the filament quickly. You can do that with higher temperatures, but you have an upper safe limit, and extruding too hot can reduce print quality if you can't get the filament cooled down quick enough. Or you can design the hot end in a way that the melt zone is small- less filament has to be melted at a time, and the solid filament has less squishy melted plastic to push against so it can drive the extrusion more effectively. The stock nozzle on the SD may not be the best for high speeds, so once you have the Bowden working the way you want, it would be worth experimenting with some other hot ends.